Natural Disaster Hazard Assessment

Hazard Assessment for Memphis, Tennessee Environmental Geology Hazard Assessment for Memphis, Tennessee A natural disaster is defined as any event or force of nature that has catastrophic consequences (â€Å"natural disaster†). The only reason that these events are considered to have catastrophic consequences is because people are negatively affected by these natural events. If people were not present during these events, they would not be considered catastrophic. The more people affected means the event would be considered more catastrophic. Tennessee is the 17th most populated state, with approximately 6. million residents (Infoplease. com). Within the state, Shelby county covers the most area, (755 square miles), and is also the most populated county, with approximately 927,644 people residing there (Infoplease. com). Shelby county includes the city of Memphis. Memphis is the most populated city within Tennessee with at least 645,000 residents (Infoplease. com). I have atta ched several maps in order to see different parts of the land. Map I shows where the county lines are located within Tennessee. You can also see where Memphis is located within the county. Map II shows the elevation levels of the state.As you can see in that map, Memphis is located within the lowest elevation levels of the state. Map III shows the rivers that run throughout the state. The main river that runs between the Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri borders is the Mississippi River. There are several natural disasters that I would consider to be threats to the Memphis area. One natural disaster that I would consider to be a concern to Memphis would be an earthquake. According to the United States Geological Survey, (USGS), there is an approximately six percent chance that there will be a major earthquake within 50 kilometers ofMemphis in the next 50 years (Homefacts. com). The last earthquakes that had magnitudes of five were in 1976 and 1991 (Homefacts. com). The earthquake re corded in 1976 was approximately 40 miles away from Memphis. Looking at the sources found, I see that Tennessee has had its fair share of earthquakes, so I would say that another earthquake occurring in the area should be a concern of the citizens and government officials. â€Å"There is a broad agreement in the scientific community that a continuing concern exists for a major destructive earthquake in the New Madrid seismic zone. Many structures in Memphis, Tenn. and other communities in the central Mississippi River Valley region are vulnerable and at risk for severe ground shaking. † (USGS. gov). The New Madrid Earthquake of 1812 was one of the most significant events in U. S. history. Topographic changes were noted over an area of 75,000 to 130,000 square kilometers, with the total area shaken being at least five million square kilometers (USGS. gov). Back then, the damage was minimal because of sparse population. Nowadays, an earthquake that severe could result in  "great loss of life and property damage in the billions of dollars† (Cusec. rg). The fact that Memphis is the most populated city in the state, a small earthquake could cause a significant amount of damage. â€Å"By learning about the potential earthquake hazards in your area and by taking certain preparedness measures now, you can increase your chances of surviving an earthquake and minimize its dangerous and damaging impacts† (Cusec. org). There are many organizations that Memphis has in order to help citizens learn how to prepare for these catastrophic events, and what to do in order to survive.One organization is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (R. A. C. E. S. ), which is a volunteer communications group that assists the Shelby county area. R. A. C. E. S. provides emergency personnel that can help with communications during local, regional, or national emergency/disaster events (Cityofmemphis. org). Another organization that provides help during emergency situations is the Memphis/Shelby County Emergency Management Agency (EMA). The EMA helps local, state, and federal agencies with response to disasters that requires a multi-agency/multi-jurisdictional response.The EMA has satellite links with the National Weather Service that activates sirens in order to warn the residents of multiple cities, including Memphis (Cityofmemphis. org). There are also things that the citizens and homeowners could do in order to minimize the damage during earthquake. Earthquake drills are a great way to help enforce the importance of preparedness, and to prevent panic and injury during an earthquake. Families should have emergency plans that lay out where everyone is going to be and where to reunite with one another. Keep a flashlight and a batterypowered radio in the home.Place large or heavy objects on lower shelves, and fasten the shelves to walls. And lastly, have a seven to ten day supply of food and water (Cusec. org). You can never be too prepared for any natural disaster, so being safe is better than being sorry. Not all natural disasters are threats to Memphis. Volcanoes are an example of a natural disaster that is not a threat to the Memphis area. There are no known volcanoes in the area that would cause any kind of harm to the residents of Memphis. Historically, there have not been any known volcanoes in the area either.Memphis is not located on any fault boundaries, so I would think that there would no volcanoes forming in the area any time in the near future. Hurricanes are a little more of a concern for Memphis. The western area of the state has the possibility of being affected by the end of certain storms. Hurricane Katrina is an example of this situation in which Memphis can be affected by storms not necessarily in the direct area. When Hurricane Katrina hit the U. S. in 2005, multiple counties in Tennessee were evacuated; Shelby County was one of those counties (Fema. gov).I would consider Memphis to be slightly co ncern about hurricanes occurring in the area, especially since the city is located at a low elevation. The lower elevation would be more susceptible to flooding. The government should have adequate warning of the hurricane, since it would most likely be coming from the Gulf of Mexico. I would also expect that the citizens would be prepared for hurricanes, since they are used to flooding situations. Tornadoes, I feel, are more of a concern than hurricanes. There are many more tornadoes in the middle of the state then there are on the outskirts.Tornadoes are more likely to strike open plains rather than in an urban area, like Memphis. â€Å"The reality is, very few tornadoes ever touch down in the city of Memphis†¦.. Nevertheless, tornadoes can and have struck within the city† (About. com). There have been numerous tornadoes that have affected Shelby county, but not nearly as many as the middle of the state. The last one that affected Shelby County, and had a high death co unt was in 1987, with at least 120 deaths (NWS Memphis Forecast Area Tornado Database). There have since been tornadoes that have caused deaths, hich is not surprising considering the amount of people that live in the city. With all the tornadoes that have gone through the county, there has always been a significant amount of damage. That also is understandable since there are a lot of buildings in the city. There have also been plenty of tornado warnings for the state, but not all of them affecting Shelby County. The last tornado warning that included Shelby County was on May 9, 2011. In order to be prepared for a tornado, there are several things we could do. First of all, avoid windows and seek shelter in the center-most room on the lowest floor possible.Use your hands and arms to protect yourself from falling debris. Also, keep some sort of identification on you at all times in case you are hurt or disoriented (About. com). Keeping identification on you is a good idea for every natural disaster. It will help emergency personnel identify who you are and hopefully get you back with your family. Tsunamis are another type of natural disaster that is not a concern for Memphis. There have been no known tsunamis recorded for Memphis. I do not think that there will be any future tsunamis in Memphis because there is no ocean or large body of water located near Memphis.The Mississippi River is near Memphis, but the river does not create waves that would be large enough to create a seismic wave. Even though tsunamis are not a threat to the city, flooding is a huge concern for the city. The Mississippi River is right near the city, so that would be a reason as to why the area floods frequently. The city is also at a low elevation, which is another reason as to why the area floods frequently. There is currently an active flood warning in effective right now (Fema. gov). Last year, there was flood that occurred in the beginning of May.The Mississippi River was supposed to rise to a record level of 48 feet, with 48. 7 being the record crest in 1937. More than 1,300 homes were ordered to evacuate and nearly 400 people were living in shelters. According to an article on abcnews. com, the most extensive damage occurred in Memphis, where â€Å"entire neighborhoods have been swallowed by the water and vehicles completely submerged† (Tanglao, â€Å"Memphis Flooding†). Since this obviously happens frequently, the citizens and government have ideas of what the levees can hold, and what the river’s maximum water level is.To prepare for flooding situations, there are certain things the government should tell their residents in order to make sure they are safe. They must send out warnings letting people know when and if the water level is high enough to go over the lands limits. In Memphis, the government should be able to accurately know when and if the Mississippi River has reached its maximum, and if people should evacuate their homes. As a resident, you should also be aware of what is going on in your community and know about the town’s emergency plans.You should also have sump pumps with back-up power in order to prevent contamination of the flooded water. Turn off all utilities at the main power switch in order to prevent electrocution. Fill bathtubs, sinks, and soda bottles with clean water, so you have water to drink that is not contaminated. You should also have water bottles and a food supply that will last a couple of days (Bt. cdc. gov). On the opposite end of the spectrum, wildfires are another example of a non-threat to Memphis. There are no forests in Memphis because it is a highly urban area with lots of people and buildings.The last wildfire reported in Memphis was in 1952, when there was a serious drought (Tnema. org). Even though there was that wildfire many years ago, I do not think that there is a serious threat to Memphis for another wildfire. Lastly, I also think that there is not a thr eat for extreme winter conditions to occur in Memphis. The last warning for some sort of winter conditions for Shelby County was in February 1992 (Fema. gov). Even though that was not too long ago, I still feel like there is not a huge concern for extreme winter conditions to occur any time soon again.Since Memphis is further south, they do not really get harsh winters like we do here in Pennsylvania. Memphis Tennessee has its fair share of natural disasters. They have to be concerned about earthquakes, floods, and tornadoes the most, while extreme winter conditions, volcanoes, and tsunamis the least concerned about. Every place on the Earth has to be concerned with natural disasters. Humans make the disasters a lot worse than they actually are, but there is nobody else to blame but ourselves. We get in the way of nature, and have to pay the consequences some way or another. Map IMap II Map III Works Cited Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Natural Disasters & Severe Weathe r. Web. 12 April 2012. Central United States Earthquake Consortium. Earthquake Safety. Web. 12 April 2012. City of Memphis. Emergency Management Agency. 2003-2011. Web. 12 April 2012. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Tennessee Disaster History. 26 March 2012. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Memphis Earthquake Information. † Homefacts. com. 2012. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Natural Disaster. † Dictionary. com. Web. NWS Memphis Forecast Area Tornado Database. Web. 12 April 2012. Tanglao, Leezel. Memphis Flooding: Mississippi River Nears Record Highs. † AbcNews. com. 9 May 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Tennessee. † Information Please Database. Pearson Education, 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. Tennessee Emergency Management Agency. Wildfire. Web. 12 April 2012. â€Å"Tornadoes in Memphis: What to expect and how to stay safe. † About. com. The New York Times Company, 4 April 2011. Web. 12 April 2012. United States Geological Survey. Earthquake Hazard in the New Madrid Seismic Zone Remains a Concern. 3 August 2009. Web. 12 April 2012. United States Geological Survey. Tennessee: Earthquake History. 21 October 2009. Web. 12 April 2012.

Nursing Care Plan

Health ProblemFamily Nursing ProblemsGoal of CareObjectives of CareIntervention Plan Nursing InterventionsRationaleMethod of Nurse-Family ContactEvaluation Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habits specifically cigarette smoking as a health threat. 1. Inability to recognize the presence of the problem due to Inadequate knowledge 2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to fear of consequences of action, specifically physical consequences 3. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to the at-risk member of the family due to: A. Inadequate knowledge about the disease or health condition B. Lack of the necessary facilities, equipment and supplies for care 4. Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance due to lack of knowledge of preventive measures 5. Failure to utilize community resources for health care due to inadequate knowledge of community resources for health care After nursing intervention, Rusty Cacal with the help of his family members will be able to lessen the cigarettes he smokes from 10 sticks to 15 sticks a day to gradual cessation of smoking Objectives 1. After discussing the definition of cigarette smoking, the family will be able to state the meaning of cigarette smoking accurately within 3 minutes. 2. After 10 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to enumerate the components of cigarette completely in 5 minutes. 3. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state at least 8 out of 11 effects of nicotine in 8 minutes. 4. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state the effects of tar completely in 5 minutes 5. After discussing the effects of nicotine and tar, the family will be able to distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoke within 5 minutes. 6. After 15 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to discuss 7 out of 9 management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day within 8 minutes. 7. Given a sample of a time table, the family will be able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day within 20 minutes. 8. In a day-to-day basis, the clients will be able to practice the formulated schedule plan in 1 month and 2 weeks. Developmental 1. The health care provider will discuss the meaning of cigarette smoking. 2. The health care provider will enumerate the components of cigarette. 3. The health care provider will discuss the effects of nicotine. 4. The health care provider will discuss the effects of tar. 5. The health care provider will distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking. 6. The health care provider will discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day 7. The health care provider will provide a sample of a time table. She will guide the client in formulating her schedule for 1 month 8. The HCP will monitor the clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule 1. Discussing the meaning of cigarette smoking will enable the clients to have a wide understanding about this habit and be aware that smoking contributes significantly to diseases that shortens life and is leading cause of death like heart attack, stroke, respiratory diseases which make smokers â€Å"pulmonary cripples† as in asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, recurrent infections, and cancer. *Ref: http://doh. gov. ph/tobacco/aboutsmoking. tm 2. Discussing the components of cigarettes will enable the clients to be aware of the possible effects of the listed components *Ref: http://www. knowledgebasescript. com/ emo/article-393. html 3. Discussing the effects of nicotine will enable the clients to know the medical consequences of nicotine exposure *Ref: Psychology Today Staff Originally published by Psychology Today:2002/10/10 4. Disc ussing the effects of tar will enable the clients to know how it affects their respiratory tract. *Ref: Janice A. Dye and Kenneth B. Adler; http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. ov/pagerender. fcgi? artid=475133 &pageindex=1#page 5. Discussing the effects of smoking addiction give the conclusion that there are many health effects of smoking cigarettes products and not one of them are beneficial. It's not an exaggeration; it is reality that smoking tobacco does unquestionably not only destroy client's well being but also health of acquaintances and family around her. *Ref: Winn, Jackie (2008), â€Å"No Positive Effects From Smoking Can Be Found†. September 28, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? No-Positive-Effects-From-Smoking-Can-Be-Found&id=1290284 6. Discussing the different management on how to reduce the use of cigarette smoke per day increases quit rates by 30 percent. Every person who uses cigarettes should be offered at least brief advice to quit smoking. More intensive counseling and medications are even more effective and should be provided to all cigarette users willing to use them. *Ref:CORINNE G. HUSTEN, ABBY C. ROSENTHAL, MICAH H. MILTON, The Gale Group Inc. , Macmillan Reference USA, New York, Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002 7. Providing sample time table will help the clients to guide the client in making a checklist or schedule on reducing and quitting smoking. Ref: The lung Asssociation; http://www. lung. ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/quitting-cesser/how-comment_e. php#list 8. Monitoring clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule will able the clients to apply their schedule and reduce the number of cigarettes thrysmoked per day *Ref:http://www. healthline. com/adamcontent/smoking-tips-o n-how-to-quit? utm_source=z_smoking_cessation&utm_medium=google&utm_campaign=adam&utm_term=how%20to%20quit%20smoking Home VisitEffectiveness: 1. Was the family able to define cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 2. Was the family able to enumerate the components of cigarette? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 3. Was the family able to discuss the effects of nicotine Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 4. Was the family able to discuss the effects of tar Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 5. Was the family able to discuss the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? _ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 6. Was the family able to discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 7. Was the family able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Nursing Care Plan Health ProblemFamily Nursing ProblemsGoal of CareObjectives of CareIntervention Plan Nursing InterventionsRationaleMethod of Nurse-Family ContactEvaluation Unhealthful lifestyle and personal habits specifically cigarette smoking as a health threat. 1. Inability to recognize the presence of the problem due to Inadequate knowledge 2. Inability to make decisions with respect to taking appropriate health action due to fear of consequences of action, specifically physical consequences 3. Inability to provide adequate nursing care to the at-risk member of the family due to: A. Inadequate knowledge about the disease or health condition B. Lack of the necessary facilities, equipment and supplies for care 4. Inability to provide a home environment conducive to health maintenance due to lack of knowledge of preventive measures 5. Failure to utilize community resources for health care due to inadequate knowledge of community resources for health care After nursing intervention, Rusty Cacal with the help of his family members will be able to lessen the cigarettes he smokes from 10 sticks to 15 sticks a day to gradual cessation of smoking Objectives 1. After discussing the definition of cigarette smoking, the family will be able to state the meaning of cigarette smoking accurately within 3 minutes. 2. After 10 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to enumerate the components of cigarette completely in 5 minutes. 3. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state at least 8 out of 11 effects of nicotine in 8 minutes. 4. Given the components of cigarette, the family will be able to state the effects of tar completely in 5 minutes 5. After discussing the effects of nicotine and tar, the family will be able to distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoke within 5 minutes. 6. After 15 minutes of discussion, the family will be able to discuss 7 out of 9 management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day within 8 minutes. 7. Given a sample of a time table, the family will be able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day within 20 minutes. 8. In a day-to-day basis, the clients will be able to practice the formulated schedule plan in 1 month and 2 weeks. Developmental 1. The health care provider will discuss the meaning of cigarette smoking. 2. The health care provider will enumerate the components of cigarette. 3. The health care provider will discuss the effects of nicotine. 4. The health care provider will discuss the effects of tar. 5. The health care provider will distinguish the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking. 6. The health care provider will discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day 7. The health care provider will provide a sample of a time table. She will guide the client in formulating her schedule for 1 month 8. The HCP will monitor the clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule 1. Discussing the meaning of cigarette smoking will enable the clients to have a wide understanding about this habit and be aware that smoking contributes significantly to diseases that shortens life and is leading cause of death like heart attack, stroke, respiratory diseases which make smokers â€Å"pulmonary cripples† as in asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, recurrent infections, and cancer. *Ref: http://doh. gov. ph/tobacco/aboutsmoking. tm 2. Discussing the components of cigarettes will enable the clients to be aware of the possible effects of the listed components *Ref: http://www. knowledgebasescript. com/ emo/article-393. html 3. Discussing the effects of nicotine will enable the clients to know the medical consequences of nicotine exposure *Ref: Psychology Today Staff Originally published by Psychology Today:2002/10/10 4. Disc ussing the effects of tar will enable the clients to know how it affects their respiratory tract. *Ref: Janice A. Dye and Kenneth B. Adler; http://www. pubmedcentral. nih. ov/pagerender. fcgi? artid=475133 &pageindex=1#page 5. Discussing the effects of smoking addiction give the conclusion that there are many health effects of smoking cigarettes products and not one of them are beneficial. It's not an exaggeration; it is reality that smoking tobacco does unquestionably not only destroy client's well being but also health of acquaintances and family around her. *Ref: Winn, Jackie (2008), â€Å"No Positive Effects From Smoking Can Be Found†. September 28, 2008, from http://ezinearticles. com/? No-Positive-Effects-From-Smoking-Can-Be-Found&id=1290284 6. Discussing the different management on how to reduce the use of cigarette smoke per day increases quit rates by 30 percent. Every person who uses cigarettes should be offered at least brief advice to quit smoking. More intensive counseling and medications are even more effective and should be provided to all cigarette users willing to use them. *Ref:CORINNE G. HUSTEN, ABBY C. ROSENTHAL, MICAH H. MILTON, The Gale Group Inc. , Macmillan Reference USA, New York, Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, 2002 7. Providing sample time table will help the clients to guide the client in making a checklist or schedule on reducing and quitting smoking. Ref: The lung Asssociation; http://www. lung. ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/quitting-cesser/how-comment_e. php#list 8. Monitoring clients’ compliance to the formulated schedule will able the clients to apply their schedule and reduce the number of cigarettes thrysmoked per day *Ref:http://www. healthline. com/adamcontent/smoking-tips-o n-how-to-quit? utm_source=z_smoking_cessation&utm_medium=google&utm_campaign=adam&utm_term=how%20to%20quit%20smoking Home VisitEffectiveness: 1. Was the family able to define cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 2. Was the family able to enumerate the components of cigarette? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 3. Was the family able to discuss the effects of nicotine Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 4. Was the family able to discuss the effects of tar Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 5. Was the family able to discuss the effects of addiction in cigarette smoking? Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? _ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 6. Was the family able to discuss the different management on how to reduce the # of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Adequacy : Was the no. of intervention sufficient? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Appropriateness: Was the no. of intervention, setting, time table, realistic to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Acceptability: Was the intervention suitable to client situation? Yes__ No__ Why no? __ Effectiveness: 7. Was the family able to formulate a schedule on the reduction of # of sticks of cigarette smoked per day Yes__ No__ Why? Efficiency: Was the time, materials, human resources used economically? Yes__ No__ Nursing Care Plan Nursing Care Plan Assessment equals Data Collection + Analysis| Nursing Diagnosis – Actual/Potential| Nursing Goal(SMART)| Nursing Interventions/ActionsInclude Rationale/Reference| Evaluation| Female Age : 85Code status: Full Code initially but changed to DNR on 14/Jan-2012Primary diagnosis: PancytopeniaReason for Hospital Admission: Fall at home. Allergy: PenicillinMedical History: Pacemaker, Hypertension, Fall at home, Bradycardia, Hyperlipidemia. Neurological: Alert, Oriented x 4. Diet as ToleratedActivity as tolerated. Does not want to do physiotherapy.Would prefer to remain in bed. Will only move her arms and legs and adjust as needed. | Activity Intolerance related to weakness, bed rest and immobility as evidenced by client verbalizing lack of interest/desire in activity. Risk for falls related to generalised weakness and impaired mobility as evidenced by client having a history of fall in the past. Hopelessness related to failing or deteriorating physical condition as e videnced by client stating â€Å"Why god is not calling me to him†. | 1. Client will participate in daily activity with vital signs within limit in a week’s time. 2.Client will perform ADLs with some assistance, e. g. , toilets with help ambulating to bathroom, by discharge. 1. Client will not experience a fall by identifying risks that increase susceptibility to falls by the end of the day. 2. Client and caregiver will apply tactics and ways to increase safety and provide a safe home environment. 1. Client will initiate behaviours that may reduce feeling of hopelessness by the end of week. 2. Client will be hopeful verbalizing optimistic plans after she is discharged and reaches home. | 1. Record client’s vitals before and after any activity.Rationale: Variation can be caused by temporary insufficiency of blood supply (Ackley & Ladwig, 2008, p 119). 2. Administer pain medications prior to activity. Rationale: Pain restricts client from performing maximum activi ty and may worsen the movement (Ackley & Ladwig, 2008, p 120). 3. Encourage client to change position gradually, dangle, sit, stand and ambulate as tolerated. Rationale: Performing activities slowly at client’s pace and for shorter periods minimizes fatigue (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1126). 4. Teach the client systematic performance of active ROM exercises to maintain and improve joint mobility.Rationale: These activity increases muscular strength and active movement (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1147). 5. Encourage client plan activities with alternate periods or rest and activity. Rationale: Assistance in planning daily routines that maintain a balance between activity and rest may be necessary to conserve energy (Day, 2010, pg. 1744). 6. Reinforce importance of progressive exercise, emphasizing that joints are to be exercised to the point of pain and not after that. Rationale: Pain occurs as a result of joint or muscle injury.Continued stress on joints or muscles may lead to more serious dam age and limit ability to move (Gulanick &Myers, 2010, pg 136). 1. Place objects used by the client within her reach. Rationale: Client can lose balance and might fall when she is trying to get items that are out of reach (Kozier, pg 775, 2010). 2. Emphasize and educate client about the importance of nutrition especially vitamin D supplementation in relation to reducing fall risk. Rationale: Proper diet along with Vitamin D supplement raises calcium which reduces falls and falls related fractures (Best Practice Guidelines, 2005, Rec. 05). 3. Consult with other health care team members such as OT/PT to help resolve mobility issues. Rationale: Interprofessional collaboration results in a sharing of expertise to enhance the quality of patient care (Kozier, pg 776, 2010). 4. Encourage client to do exercises and activity as tolerated to maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. Rationale: A routine of exercises such as Tai chi can enhance balance and improve overall muscle strength (Best Practice Guideline, Rec. 2. 1, 2005). 5. Educate client to stay in the lower level of house such as bedroom/washroom or everything in one floor.Rationale: Having all daily required amenities nearby will reduce client’s risk of falling. (Kozier, pg 774, 2010). 6. Increase client’s awareness by highlighting the risk factors associated with falls within home; removing unsafe objects. Rationale: Risk factors such as clutter, unsecure rugs, extra loose tripping clothing and inadequate lighting hampers the motivation for mobility (Kozier, pg 774, 2010). 1. Creating a therapeutic nurse-client relationship by listening attentively and increasing her positivity by talking about her past pleasant experiences.Rationale: Encourage client to share feeling and reflecting on past accomplishments, positive memories and significant milestones (Day, 2010, pg. 434). 2. Encourage client to become involved in activities on the unit like interacting with staff, other clients, particip ating in therapy and recreational activities. Rationale: This will help distract her mind from a preoccupation with her illness (White, 2005, pg. 1326). 3. Provide things to do when client is feeling down, like, crossword puzzle, reading books, watching TV.Rationale: This provides time to shift her attention to more creative activities, and will see the situation not so utterly and hopeless (White, 2005, pg. 1326). 4. Teach client to substitute negative self-talk with positive self-talk. Rationale: Focusing on individual’s strengths and abilities enables and support hope (Day, 2010, pg. 434). 5. Encourage client to spend increased time with family and loved ones. Rationale: Clients who live alone with no family support are more prone to hopelessness (Carpenito-Moyet, 2008, pg. 329). 6.Encourage client to engage in creative activities to tap their resources. For example, music, art, storytelling, quilting etc. Rationale: Expressive arts are framework for identifying personal s trengths (Kozier, 2010, pg. 1440). | 1. Client performs activities within daily limits of vital signs. 2. Based on the pain scale verbalized by client, pain medication is administered 30 minutes prior to the start of daily activity. 3. Client demonstrates changing of positions within her tolerance limits. 4. Client understands and demonstrates ROM exercises to improve her mobility. 5.Client discussed importance of activity and rest patterns to manage energy and prevent fatigue. 6. Client understands importance of exercise and looks forward to physiotherapist appointment and also does regular exercise at home as tolerated. 1. Nurse makes sure that client has all the necessary things in within reach before leaving the room. 2. Client understands importance of nutrition in reducing risk for fall and eats appropriately. 3. Client looks forward to Occupation/Physical Therapy appointments. 4. Client understands importance of exercise and also does regular exercise at home as tolerated. . Client verbalized a plan to make changes at home to ensure safety. 6. Client is aware of potential risk for falls and keeps home clutter free and safe. 1. Client seems positive about her life talking to health care team. 2. Client socializes with other people on the floor and looks forward to any recreational activity. 3. Client sets target to finish some part of her magazines and puzzles book before a certain time of day like before breakfast or lunch comes. 4. Client understands and verbalizes the improvement in her health rather than her initial diagnosis. 5.Client makes plans to meet with family and friends every one or two week as per everyone convenience. 6. Client keeps herself occupied either by reading books, watching TV, listening to music or knitting etc. | References (Day,R. A. , Paul, P. ,Willaims, B. , Smeltzer, S. C. , Bare, B. (2010). Textbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical Nursing (pp. 982-983). Williams & Wilkins. White, L. (2005). Foundations of nursing. Australia U nited States Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. Carpenito-Moyet, L. J. (2008). Nursing care plans & documentation, nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems. 5 ed. ). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Ackley, B. J. , & Ladwig, G. B. (2008). Nursing diagnosis handbook: An evidence-based guide to planning care (8th ed. ). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Kozier, B. , Erb, G. , Berman, A. , Synder, S. , Bouchal, S. R. , & Hirst, S. (2010). Fundamentals of canadian nursing, concepts, process and practice. (2 ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Canada. Gulanick, M. , & Myers, J. L. (2010). Nursing care plans, diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. (7 ed. ). PA: Mosby.

Capstone Project Paper: Hernando County Essay

Hernando County is located in the Tampa Bay area and is surrounded by the Gulf of Mexico to its West, Pasco County to its South, Sumter County to its East, and Citrus County to its North. Hernando County has a population of 172,778 people (Hernando County Profile, 2012). According to Justia. com Hernando County is about seventy-six percent urban setting and the rest rural non-farming. The size of Hernando County is 53,927 square miles (County Information, 2012). The three major private sector employers are Wal-Mart Distribution Center, Oak Hill Hospital, and Spring Hill and Brooksville Regional Hospitals. Oak Hill Hospital, Spring Hill Regional Hospital, and Brooksville Regional are the major health care systems in the county (Hernando County Profile, 2012). The age group range of forty- five to sixty- four years old comprises the largest percentage of residents in Hernando County (Florida Charts, 2012). Five percent of the population is black people, and ninety- three percent is white people (Florida Charts, 2012). Nine percent is Hispanic, while ninety- one percent is non-Hispanic (Florida Charts, 2012). Twelve percent of families in Hernando County and fourteen percent of families in Florida are below the poverty level (Florida Charts, 2012). Eighty- six percent of the population in Hernando County greater than age twenty- five have a high school diploma. Eighty- five percent of the population in Florida greater than age twenty- five have a high school diploma (Florida Charts, 2012). Two percent of the population greater than age five in Hernando County do not speak English, and seven percent of the population greater than age five in Florida do not speak English (Florida Charts, 2012). Overview of Healthy People 2020 â€Å"Healthy People 2020 provides science-based, 10-year national objectives for improving the health of all Americans (Healthy People 2020, 2012, p. 2). † The United States Department of Health and Human Services manages the site. Healthy People 2020 was developed to improve the nation’s health among all socioeconomic groups by monitoring the effects of prevention methods, educating people on healthy lifestyle decisions, promoting healthy environments, and establishing what research should be conducted. The goals of Healthy People 2020 include: Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. (Healthy People 2020, 2012) The Leading Health Indicators come from the list of Healthy People 2020 objectives. The Leading Health Indicators of Healthy People 2020 are the issues of our nation’s health given the greatest priority in resolving (Healthy People 2020, 2012). The Leading Health Indicators were made to communicate high- priority health concerns and measures that can be taken to deal with them. According to Healthy People 2020, â€Å"The indicators will be used to assess the health of the Nation, facilitate collaboration across sectors, and motivate action at the national, State, and community levels to improve the health of the U.  S. population† (Healthy People 2020, 2012, p. 7). The Leading Health Indicators of Healthy People 2020 are the issues of our nation’s health given the greatest priority in resolving. They include the following: access to health services; clinical preventive services; environmental quality; injury and violence; maternal, infant, and child health; mental health; nutrition, physical activity, and obesity; oral health; reproductive and sexual health; social determinants; substance abuse; and tobacco (Healthy People 2020, 2012). Healthy People 2020 suggests that organizations who are working towards making the goals a reality, submit their LHI success stories to the Healthy People 2020 website so that Healthy People 2020 can use them to their benefit. These stories can give other people and organizations hope for success to attain their own goals. Furthermore, Healthy People 2020 proposes to MAP-IT in order to implement indicators in a community or population. The MAP-IT strategy can be used in any community to ultimately achieve Healthy People 2020 goals. One must mobilize supporters, assess the needs of the community, plan how to address these needs, implement the plan, and track the progress (Healthy People 2020, 2012). Analysis of Strengths and Needs The three leading health indicators of strength for Hernando County are maternal, infant, and child health; nutrition, physical activity, and obesity; and tobacco (Indicators for county: Hernando, 2012). For maternal, infant, and child health, Hernando County is in the first quartile (most favorable) for early prenatal care (care began first trimester), infant death rate, and neonatal death rate. Hernando County is also better than the state of Florida by having less premature births, births to teens fifteen to nineteen years old, and repeat births to mothers fifteen to nineteen years old and a lower post neonatal death rate. Regarding nutrition, physical activity, and obesity, Hernando County beats the Healthy People 2020 goals of thirty- three percent of the adult population engaging in no leisure-time physical activity with a percentage of twenty- seven percent and thirty- one percent of the adult population being obese (Indicators for county: Hernando, 2012). Concerning tobacco, Hernando County is in the first quartile (most favorable) for the percentage of adults who are current smokers (Florida Charts, 2012). The three leading health indicators of need in Hernando County are injury and violence, social determinants, and oral health (Indicators for county: Hernando, 2012). In regards to social determinants, Hernando County is in the fourth quartile (least favorable) for unemployment rate and is in the third quartile for median income (in dollars) (Florida Charts, 2012). Unemployment rate is a social determinant as it describes the conditions that the community is living in. For injury and violence, Hernando County is in the fourth quartile (least favorable) for unintentional injuries age-adjusted death rate and for suicide age-adjusted death rate. Additionally, Hernando County is in the third quartile for motor vehicle crash age-adjusted death rate and for domestic violence offenses (Florida Charts, 2012). There is a need to lower the injury and violence rate in the county because as compared to the state of Florida, Hernando is one of the most violent counties in Florida (Florida Charts, 2012). In concern of oral health, Hernando County is in the fourth quartile (least favorable) for adults who had a permanent tooth removed because of tooth decay or gum disease (Florida Charts, 2012). Oral health is designated as the priority health indicator. Oral health care is extremely important because people need to prevent infections of the mouth, cavities that cause pain, and cancer. But the primary concern is periodontal disease and how it can lead to more severe diseases. Such diseases caused by periodontal disease range from diabetes to heart disease. Previously stated, Hernando County is in the fourth quartile (least favorable) for adults who had a permanent tooth removed because of tooth decay or gum disease (Florida Charts, 2012). Community Health Models Determinants of Health â€Å"are broad categories of factors that influence health and illness† (Clark, 2008, p. 66). The Determinants-of-Health Model is a combination of other models such as the producing health, consuming health care model and the mandala model. The Determinants-of-Health Model can help the Community Health Nurse develop interventions that address a population based health concern because it has different categorical determinants with topics imbedded in each determinant. The Community Health Nurse could use this model to figure out which determinant is applicable for a certain health issue and use the model to narrow down topics for immediate intervention (Clark, 2008). Human biology, the health system, environment, and lifestyle are factors that can contribute to oral health and are part of the Determinants-of-Health-Model (Clark, 2008). Human biology, like one’s gender, can predispose a person to a certain quality of oral health. A study done in South Asia revealed that women were more likely to get dental caries than men due to genetic and hormonal factors (Lukacs, 2011). The utilization part of the health system also plays a role in oral health, which is shown in research done by the National Survey of Children’s Health 2007. This research showed that children with poor oral health care are more likely to utilize dental health services when they are young, but less likely to go to the dentist when they are older than those that with adequate oral health (Bell, Huebner, & Reed, 2007). Furthermore a study in Australia proves that the addition of fluoride to public water, which is a part of built environment and the environmental determinants, has a positive correlation with the quality of oral health (Armfield, 2010). The lifestyle choice of smoking significantly lessens oral health quality, as confirmed by a study performed in Croatia (Zajc, I. , Brajdic, D. , Biocic, J. , Bosan-Kilibarda, I. , Kopic, V. , Siber, S. , & Macan, D. , 2011). Population Diagnosis The population diagnosis for the priority health issue of oral health is that large adult population in Hernando County is at risk of oral health degradation related to lack of knowledge in proper dental care, evidenced by: (a) Hernando County is in the fourth quartile (least favorable) for adults who had a permanent tooth removed because of tooth decay or gum disease, (b) Hernando county is in the second quartile for adults who had their teeth cleaned in the past year, and (c) Hernando County is in the second quartile for adults who visited a dentist or a dental clinic in the past year (Florida Charts, 2012). The Interventions Wheel The Interventions Wheel â€Å"consists of 17 identified community health nursing interventions that cross over three levels of population-based practice: individual-focused, community-focused, and systems-focused practice† (Clark, 2008, p. 75). The Intervention Wheel is supposed to integrate the idea of determinants of health as all factors that affect health, not just disease or health-related behaviors. The authors of the model also indicate that the model â€Å"emphasizes health promotion and illness prevention† (Clark, 2008, p. 7). To apply the Interventions Wheel to the previously mentioned population diagnosis, the community-focused intervention of social marketing could be utilized. By using social marketing, the county could write a grant to fund a media campaign to spread the word about the importance of dental care (Clark, 2008). Levels of Prevention â€Å"Nursing interventions for identified health needs in the population are planned within the dimensions of health care. The dimensions of health care derive from the public health concepts of levels of prevention and include primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention† (Clark, 2008 p. 72) If you perform an intervention that is designed to prevent a health issue from happening, then it is primary prevention. For instance, â€Å"Immunization is a protective measure for communicable diseases† (Clark, 2008, p. 73). If the intervention is supposed to fix an existing issue, it is secondary prevention. This prevention includes â€Å"screening and early diagnosis as well as treatment for existing health problems† (Clark, 2008, p. 73). When a performed intervention is designed to prevent long-term consequences of a former problem, it is a tertiary prevention. An example of a tertiary prevention would be â€Å"exercise after a broken leg†¦ to prevent muscle atrophy and contractures† (Clark, 2008, p. 73). All three of the preventions mentioned apply to the priority health issue of oral health. For instance, a primary prevention would be going to the dentist routinely for cleaning to prevent cavities and disease of the mouth. A secondary prevention would be to use fluoride after the dentist identifies the degradation of tooth enamel. A tertiary prevention would be the use of a mouth guard after a hockey player lost their tooth and got it replaced by the dentist. Evidence Based Interventions For the primary level of prevention, a community-focused intervention could be utilized in support of the priority health issue of oral health. Health teaching could be done by working at local festivals and fairs promoting a teeth cleaning campaign. The campaign would be funded by local legislators in the county. The community health nurse could have a booth set-up at these local festivals and fairs teaching the community about the importance of oral health care. An article in the International Journal of Cardiology 2011 says that oral health promotion activities seem to produce improvements in periodontal health (Lam, O. , Zhang, W. , Samaranayake, L. , Li, L. , McGrath, C. , 2011). For the secondary level of prevention, a system-focused intervention could be used in support of the population diagnosis previously mentioned. By working with local health care providers to develop systems for screening, follow-up appointments, and treatment for cavities and gum disease, the rates of tooth loss in Hernando County could be lowered. The community health nurse would meet with other health care providers and help make these services available. An article in the American Journal for Public Health 2011 states that the dental practice is responsible for screening for disease in both oral and general health (Lamster & Eaves, 2011). For the tertiary level of prevention, an individual-focused intervention could be employed in support of oral health. By working with local health care providers, the community health nurse could establish follow-up care for patients with gum disease. Compliance of the patient could be monitored by seeing how many follow-up appointments the patient attends out of the suggested amount of appointments scheduled by the dentist. The dentist could monitor the treatment effects with subsequent visits by the patient. The patient could be educated on how to better his oral health care to prevent further negative impact and the spread of the disease. According to the Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2010, people that take better care of their teeth have a greater likelihood of showing up for follow-up care (Kakudate, N. , Morita, M. , Yamazaki, S. , Fukuhara, S. , Sugai, M. , Nagayama, M. , Kawanami, M. , & Chiba, I. , 2010). Conclusion Health policy plays a direct role on the health care received by patients. Health policy develops protocols on what procedures should be performed for certain situations. The health policy proposal is a secondary level prevention with a system-focused approach. The health policy proposal is that people who have been diagnosed with gum disease should seek follow-up care during the next two years to prevent tooth loss. â€Å"Dental care is necessary to prevent and treat orofacial disease, infection, and pain, as well as restore form and function of dentition† (Policy on medically necessary care, 2011, p. 20). The health policy proposal will decrease the number adults who had a permanent tooth removed because of tooth decay or gum disease in Hernando County.

Organic and Natural Food Restaurants Research Paper

Organic and Natural Food Restaurants - Research Paper Example The business will measure the profit margin and rate of stock turnover as a way of evaluating the growth (Carmona, 2004). An indicator that the firm intends to use is the percentage in profit margin, as well as the number of consumers that the restaurant will command. Industry Maturity Sustainability of cash flow into the firm will act as a gauge, which measures the maturity of the firm. The firm expects to reach its maturity after the period of three years because it is a startup business. Since the product cycle of the restaurant would influence its maturity in the market, it intends to have a short product cycle. Another important factor that the business intends to consider in order to reduce its maturity age is the choice of products that it would introduce to the market. The business has forecasted its growth in the first year to be modest. In the second year, the restaurant will increase its stocks in response to market behavior. In the third year, it would stabilize its stock . The business anticipates its growth to follow the trends indicated in the graph below. Sensitivity to Economic Cycles The business intends to demonstrate sensitivity to the state of economy by conducting a survey on consumer trend in similar businesses before it rolls out its product. The knowledge of consumer economic status is crucial to the pricing strategy of the business. The prices of the business product determine the number of clients that the business would serve. Due to the sensitivity of this issue, the business will monitor consumer trends before introducing expensive products. Consumer behavior depends on geographical location and sociological influences. Consumers usually demonstrate negative or positive response to price changes, which would eventually influence the rate of stock flow (Anderson, 2008). Most businesses, which command large market share, are sensitive to the consumer behavior. The operation of the business in the city would make it handle a wide range of customers who are likely to project different product demand patterns. Highly demanded products would be a measure of how sensitive the business is to the immediate environment. Seasonality Product seasonality is crucial to the business success because it would influence customer retention of the business. The business intends to operate in all seasons; however, it would control its product supply during low seasons. The business target consumers demonstrate seasonal trends in buying behavior. The high season appears immediately after the consumers get their salaries or wages and the low season occurs during mid month. This seasonal trend would influence the sales of the restaurant. The business intends to characterize the high season with high product supply and reduce the product supply during low season. The same trend would also influence its pricing strategy in order to create a constant profit margin at the end of each month. The business innovation would be sensitive to s easonality. Changes in economic trends in the market might force the business to blend its products in response to this trend (Anderson, 2008). Technological Change The restaurant will use the internet technology to reach its customers. The Internet use is an option that the business intends to use in order to update its clients with the frequent changes in products and prices. Order placement and instant payment are some of the common trends that the business

Castle's Family Restaurant Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Castle's Family Restaurant - Research Paper Example However, smaller from should outsource such activities and the choice of the vendor should be done after evaluation of its past performance. Introduction Castle’s Family Restaurant, a small group with under 350 workers has eight units which require the HR manager to travel frequently to each of the units to interact with the workers. Human resources are the greatest asset of the firm and an organization would need to invest in it to develop the capabilities. In the hospitality sector particularly, human resources must have unique capabilities to be able to deliver excellent service. Staff retention is a critical issue in the hospitality sector. The organization is considering implementation of HRIS which could help the organization save costs while reducing staff turnover. This study evaluates the types of HRIS that would best help the organization to retain staff. Stage I Business Assessment Family restaurant, a part of the hospitality sector, is a high potential, high-compet ition sector. While demand is high, staff attrition rate is also high. Prolonged job stress and high employee burn-out lead to high staff turnover in the sector (Buick & Thomas, 2001). It thus becomes absolutely essential for Castle’s Family Restaurant to attract, motivate and retain staff. This perhaps prompts the HR and the operations manager to travel to each of the eight restaurants every week to take care of scheduling, recruiting, hiring, and interacting with the staff. While the number of staff is not very high, managing staff at eight different locations can be challenging. It is essential to satisfy their queries and listen to them. Travelling every week is not cost-effective apart from the time taken in travelling. Therefore an alternative feasible solution has to be devised. Identification of problems The main HR functions that need attention at Castle’s Family Restaurant include task scheduling, recruitments, payroll preparations and answering the questions of the staff. While each of these tasks can be handled through the implementation of HRIS, staff retention is critical to service in this sector. Most of the staff is part-time, which adds to the challenge of retaining staff. The hospitality industry requires staff with strong practical skills and soft people management skills rather than analytical skills (Connolly & McGing, 2006). The staff has queries of day-to-day operations as well as queries related to personal issues. Each of these needs to be addressed timely as it makes the staff feel their concerns are addressed and paid heed to. Staff retention implies staff motivation and talent management to ensure continuity. Listening to their concerns is a great motivator and a good listener is one who encourages the people to express. Staff retention is essential to ensure service quality in the hospitality sector. Lower staff attrition also results in higher base of organizational knowledge and less deterioration of experiential l earning (Bontis & Fitz-Enz, 2002). Constant turnover also impacts the dynamics of staff interaction. High staff turnover also results in recurring costs in recruitment and training. HRIS needs assessment HR functions have now been transformed to digital formats and technology is yet to be optimally

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist Essay - 1

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Iegal concept working in restaurant Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

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A Wedding Ceremony and Theatre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Wedding Ceremony and Theatre - Essay Example This paper stresses that  theatre is an integral aspect of human life. From a broader perspective, theatre can be said to be everywhere around people. A wedding ceremony is an excellent example of a theatrical performance that the bride and the bridegroom perform unwittingly to the guests. At the same time, the guests to a wedding are an audience to the performance of the bride and the bridegroom, their respective family members, bridesmaids, priest, and groomsmen. In a wedding situation, there is meticulous planning prior to the actual ceremony. A wedding planning phase can be considered as a period when both the bride and bridegroom and their respective families go through the ‘script’ of the scheduled ‘performance’.  This essay discusses that  the bridegroom and the bride and their respective families send invitation cards to their close friends and kin. The wedding invitation cards, in a theatre scenario, symbolize ‘tickets’ of entry t o the ‘performance arena’ which in reality is the venue of the wedding ceremony. Critical perspectives of typical wedding ceremonies across societies around the world reflect some theatrical elements that include: uniforms or costumes, spectators and performers, and a ritualistic framework.  In the United States for instance, several factors such as culture, social norms, and culture forms the basis of the majority wedding ceremonies.  Before the wedding ceremony, most brides have ceremonies that are commonly identified as ‘bridal showers’.

The change in women's position in society Term Paper

The change in women's position in society - Term Paper Example It is still the situation in some parts of the world especially in Muslim communities. The culture was mainly based on the community’s religious beliefs. It was the case in most parts of Europe. Comparing the position of women in the current society and their position before the late 18th century, it is clear that there has been a significant evolution in this matter. France was at the center of this development when it began in the 1780s. From part 8 of the documentary Marie Antoinette, The economic troubles due to wars and poor harvest results in a revolution. It marks the start of a change in the position of women in society, in France and Europe as a whole (6:23). Before the French revolution, the women in France like most parts of Europe were not considered of equal status as men. Women were considered second-class citizens and so were not allowed to take part in certain activities such as leadership and governance, voting and some professions that were considered men’s work. Some activities were marked out as men’s activities and women were meant to stay at home, bear children and raise them. In the documentary Marie Antoinette, after the marriage of the princess Marie Antoinette of Austria to Prince Louise of France, it was the duty of the princes to produce children for her husband. From the movie of The Return of Martin Guerre Mr. Martin Guerre narrates about a community in Brazil where women went to war and made all the major decisions in their society. Mr. Pierre Guerre, an uncle to Martin Guerre replies by saying, â€Å"On the day when women go to war and become rulers of France that would be considered the end of the w orld." It gives a picture of the position of women in the French society in the 17th century (42:56). In the middle ages, the situation of women in society was dictated by the Christian doctrine. Most parts of Europe were dominated by the Catholic Church, and the Christian culture was meant to uphold morality.

Negotiation with chinese Essay Example for Free

Negotiation with chinese Essay We wish to express sincere appreciation to Professor Shia Yun Chiang for his assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. In addition, special thanks to Yama (Yuehai shoe material Ltd) who’s familiarity with the needs and ideas of these team and was helpful during the early programming phase of this research. INTRODUCTION Continental Design is a company where excellence and customer satisfactory are priority. After ten years of being in business, continental now seeks to enter the Chinese market. On Thursday, June 13th 2013, some members were selected to visit the potential customers of our new shoe-soles designs to introduce and negotiate our terms. These members include Mr. Emmanuel Mlay (Financial Officer), Mr. Robin Sharma(Managing Director), Mr. Cliff Osoo (Contracting Officer), Ms. Bella Chan (General Overseer), Ms. Sandra O. K (Sales Manager). Upon arrival, we were taken in and around the factory to experience their works and then to the meeting room. In this report, we explain further our observation and findings in negotiating with the typical Chinese. This report emphasizes mainly on the observations which includes specifications, mode of conduct, styles and techniques also elaborating on how they work together as individualist or collectivism. Again the language used, what they felt at ease to say, their communication skills, relationships with clients, were also under study. However their reasoning and way of thinking was somehow fascinating and very interesting which this report enlightens ideally and strategically. A brief but very informative research was done to know our potential customers before reaching out to them. The one talked about in this report is â€Å"Yuehai shoes material†, a very renowned shoesole company in China. In the end, all business operations can be reduced to three words: people, product and profits. Unless youve got a good team, you cant do much with the other two. 1 1 By: Lee Iacocca 1 Chapter 1 THE CONTINENTAL DESIGN Continental design provides differentiated products that accelerate innovations in the global design market. With ten years of experience and commitment, Continental design has grown to be one of the strongest competitors in the field of designing. This company has also spent those ten years in developing its communication and negotiation skills. Its management capabilities have enabled it to technically handle the challenges and efficiently provide products that are best in the market. As Victor Papanek once said â€Å"Design is the conscious effort to impose a meaningful order. † Continental design was founded by a team of five engineers with one primary goal of working hard helping all small and big shoes companies to succeed through professionally enhanced designs. Today, Continental design is a full-service independent company with about 10 percent of the world market share. Our services cover the whole of Africa, South and North America, Middle East and few countries in Asia. Recently we have initiated our first staple toward China market. 2 BUYERS COMPANY PROFILE Yuehai Shoes Materials Yuehai shoe material has more than 20 years of manufacturing experience and large number of qualified senior employees who are devoted to settling problems and confronting challenges. It has adopted advanced equipment from Taiwan and main land China. The production technology is matured and reliable; at the same time it uses the original material that makes its products to be famous by their high qualities. Its domestic market ranges from Guangzhou and Dongguan where there is a stiff competition that helps them to develop new and up-to date designs that meet the market demands. It then covered the whole of China before capturing Europe and America as the first target in external market. Most recently, it has expanded its external market to Middle East and Africa as a whole, where it has entered into more than 10 different countries. Shoes are human daily life necessities. Shoes industries will never perish as long as human being still exists. With the use of imagination this company is committed to continue to develop shoe industries as part of making the life of entire society in the world better off. Address: No. 39 beicun road, huangqi, nanhai district, foshan city, Guangdong province, China. Tel: 8675785938525 Fax: 867578592981 Email: [emailprotected] net Yuehaixe. com. cn 3 Chapter 2 NEGOTIATION PREPARATION In negotiation there are few things that have to be put in place before the negotiating team or person set off for the negotiation. The factors that are mostly considered before negotiation are: ? Length of contract This is the period that the contract will take before it’s renewed again. The seller always concentrate in this factor because it affect the profit the company will make and for how long. Mostly its 1 to 3 years. This factor is important because it also influence the price to be offered to the buyer. ? Volume to be ordered After a seller has agreed on the length of contract then the next thing to talk about is the Volume that will be bought. When few goods are bought, there is a high possibility that the price will be higher unlike when a large quantity is bought; therefore these first two factors influence the price of the item. ? Price The third factor to talk about after length of contract and volume is price at which the good will be sold. In every company, there is a price offered depending on the quantity to be bought, quality and other things needed for production. The larger the quantity, the lower the price will be and vice versa. 4 ? Payment Terms and Services. The most important thing for a company going for a negotiation is; length of contract, volume and price and other things like payment terms and services comes up later. The last two remaining factors are considered to make sure that the items agreed before is taken into account in a proper manner. Payment terms are important because even if you have a long contract with large volume but payment is not done in time, you will have to lose something. Services are offered to the buyer to make sure he/she is satisfied with the goods bought. 5 SELLER’S WISH LIST. Here we made our wish list before we went to the meeting. We had decided our lowest price and the contract length. Below you can see the result of our company board meeting before going to negotiate with Chinese company ITEM2 Length of contract Volume Price Payment terms Services WEIGHT 40% 25% 20% 10% 5% RANGE 2-1 Years 500-100units/month $200-$150 10-15days 5/5-8/5 In the following table you can see that we agreed to have at least 1 year contract with Chinese company. As they are old and experience company, we believe that it won’t be any problem even if we have 2 years long contract. In terms of volume we were ready to deliver any amount till up to 500 per months. Price was the main concern of our meeting. We know that they will try to spend more time on the price negotiating and knowing we have many competitors in the market, we needed to come up with a very good price range. We also had an agreement on payment terms which should meet within the short period. Lastly, we agreed to offer them a good customer service. 2 Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 6 THE AGREEMENT ZONE In every negotiation, there are two possible outcomes. The parties can either reach an agreement or not. The first situation is where the seller and the buyer don’t reach an agreement at all, either, due to the buyer or seller not agreeing with the offer given. The second situation is where the two parties (Buyer and Seller) reach an agreement and signs a contract for the business to take place immediately. For the two parties to reach an agreement, they will have to consider their Consequence of No Agreement (CNA). CNA will either make the two parties to agree or disagree. BUYER’S WISH LIST ITEM3 Price Services Payment terms Length of contract Volume WEIGHT 45% 25% 20% 5% 5% RANGE $100-$150 8/5-5/5 Cash transfer 3-1Years 50-100units/month After a lengthy discussion with the buyer, following were the outcomes of negotiation; OUTCOME ITEM Price Length of Contract Volume Payment Terms Services DETAILS $150/Design 1 Year 100 Units/month Cash Transfer in 2 days 10 Days training Professor Shia Yun Chiang Power point presentation-Estimating wish list ,Power point presentation slide no. 9 10 7 Chapter 3 OBSERVATION VALUES AND THINKING IN NEGOTIATION. When going for a negotiation one has to learn the buyer’s values in thinking. These values differ from one country or one region to the other and it can cause a misunderstanding between the two parties. According to the research we did about Chinese negotiation, we found out that Chinese are more relationship oriented than Africans and even other nations. As soon as we entered into the Chinese office for the negotiation, they offered us Water. This proves that they are more relationship oriented; they use this to build a rapport between their clients even before negotiation. Another thing that the company we were negotiating with did is that, they invited us for supper. In these acts we can see how Chinese people are mostly towards relationship with their clients unlike other European countries or America and even Africa. Before us reaching a conclusion, the Chinese people asked a lot of personal questions even in the middle of our negotiation. Some of the questions they asked were; When will you go back to your country? Do you like china? Is your country very hot than china? These personal questions that are not related to business are a clear picture of Chinese values and thinking in a negotiation. â€Å"As a general rule, it’s always safer to adopt a formal posture and move to an informal stance, if the situation warrants it, than to assume an informal style too quickly†4 4 As Jeswald W. Salacuse- (Ivey Business journal) 8 . During our research, we were also able to notice some of the things that are not common in African countries and even other continents. The first thing that they did is to welcome us in a very encouraging manner that made us feel at home, and with such hospitality, we were able to do the negotiation having been convinced that Chinese are good business people. This kind of hospitality that Chinese people give to their clients make them win in the businesses they negotiate in because the other party will feel so cared for that they can trust the offers given. Another thing we noticed in the research is the way they asked us whether someone has introduced us to the company or we looked it up in the internet. At the beginning I didn’t see the reason why they should be concerned with how we got to know about the company, but after we finished the meeting I had to ask and what they told us is, in Chinese (Intermediary/ middleman). This is one of the things that make us to realize how important Chinese value relationship in the business arena. The other behavior that we observed in the process of visiting and doing the negotiation is that, immediately we arrived at the factory, we were received and taken around the factory to see how they do their production and even explaining every step of production line. This really made us feel honored and we started to see them as transparent and responsible people, something that needed in business so much. â€Å"Chinese negotiating style is people oriented and permeated with such Confucians notion as guanxi, renqing, face, family age, harmony, hierarchy, li (etiquette)†5. 5 As said by Tong Fang –Chinese Business Negotiating Styles 9 CIRCULAR REASONING TALKING In our haste to market our designs for shoe soles. We came across various ways in which Chinese carry out their business negotiation. While most of the companies we approached exhibited the sequential kind of talking, the Chinese demonstrated the circular type. Interestingly, as we tried to obtain information and answer their questions regarding our products, we realized that Chinese, when not interested in your product would rather beat about the bush than going straight to the point. This is mostly demonstrated in the time of negotiating prices. This makes it hard to determine their stance in terms of buying the product. It is almost impossible at that moment to determine the level of consequence of no agreement on the buyer’s side. As much as you try explaining and convincing Chinese buyers who are less interested in a product, you will end up just like before. It is hard for them to say â€Å"no† point blank. This I believe is because of the long courting and relationship they build up with their business partners before negotiating. For instance, in one of our interviews, the interviewee mentioned after our refusal to take lunch with him that it is the culture of Chinese people to dine with their potential business partners irrespective of their interests. He explained that not only does this emphasize politeness; it also creates room for next or future cooperation. That is why in almost every meeting with a Chinese business man, you are served tea or water even before the talking starts. As pleasing as this might sound, it is also the reason behind the average Chinese would want to beat about the bush when not interested in the product for sale. Relationship and friendship are commonly used to obtain a better price and more concessions. 10 Herbig and Martin (1998), Stark, Fam, Waller and Tian (2005), and Zhu et al. (2007) all found that the Chinese do not rush into the negotiation, but rather, spend a lot of time in getting to know their counterparts as much as possible, even including personal information in order to build guanxi and trust from the beginning. Another finding is that they would want to end the meeting peacefully and friendly just as it had started without having to ruin the relationship or hurt anyone’s feelings, yet they have to decide whether or not to purchase the product. According to Faure (1999), the Chinese focus more on relationship building during this stage, as they need to know their counterparts for any business deal to occur. This negotiation practice might cause conflict with Westerners, as Westerners prefer to start negotiations straight away after basic greetings and introductions. Rule how to be successful in dealing with Chinese: â€Å"Be fair, reasonable and diplomatic: â€Å"If your Chinese counterpart believes that you are being unreasonable, they may not openly say so, but your negotiations are likely to stall and go nowhere. If you disagree with your counterpart, don’t simply reject their position out of hand, but carefully explain your reasoning†. 6 6 â€Å"Forbes† by Jack Perkowski (Negotiating in China; 10 rules for Success 11 QUESTIONING INTERRUPTING We’ve had several encounters with many customers throughout the years, but what makes the Chinese customers outstanding is their mode of questioning. Unlike our African customers, they tend to interrupt and chip in their questions whiles you are talking. In some cultures, this might seem rude and impolite but this is not so for Chinese. They are very cooperative, assertive and defensive. This encourages and makes the one talking feel he’s being listened to. This normally generates positive feedback. During one of the interviews conducted, it came to our realization that, the typical or traditional Chinese interrupts more than the Chinese who has been open to Western culture. Customers who deal with Westerners or Africans have adjusted to some of their negotiation skill. This we believe will go a long way to influence most Chinese business partners. Their character or attitude of seeking and asking questions is different from other people in the sense that Chinese exhibits a character of â€Å"Xenophobia which is a distrust of all things foreign to one’s own culture. Xenophile is a lust to obtain all things new and or foreign. The Chinese have become inclined to distrust anything and everyone from foreign lands due to their history of violent revolutions and government seizures and changes. On the other hand, they have also seen the new technologies and high standard of living in the West, and many Chinese struggle with these mixed feelings as they pursue business opportunities with foreigners and seek to acquire western technologies â€Å"(Pye, 1992) 12 COLLECTIVISM Under collectivism, the means of production are owned and controlled by the state or the people as a whole. Also, it describes any outlook or philosophy that stresses the interactivity between people. It is often consider as opposite of individualism. There are two basic types of collectivism: horizontal and vertical. In the horizontal type, members are considered to be as equal as possible, and share resources and responsibilities. The vertical include a social hierarchy that society member work to maintain, and people submit to those above them in the hierarchy. Collectivism in China When Mao Ze Dong came into power; he strengthens the collectivism by eliminating landowners and individualists, sending nearly everyone to work in collectivist communities. Therefore, China has been more collectivist than individualist in both ancient and modern history. Many research states that, there are many leaders in China today who believe that the days of collectivism in China will soon be gone. There are several reasons for this. First is that the â€Å"one-child-policy,† especially in the cities, it gives us many younger citizens who have been raised to believe that they hold a special place in the world. This kind of upbringing leads to individualism over collectivism. In business point, there are still many examples of collectivist thinking. For example, When we(foreigner) and Chinese, began to work together, mainly the Chinese look towards the team as 13 the reason for the company success, but on the other hand, the foreigner(us) were trying to identify individual high performers. That’s one of the different between Chinese and foreign culture. Collectivism between our culture (as a foreigner) and Chinese Collectivism is a cultural pattern found especially in East Asia, Latin America, and Africa. But nowadays societies are not purely individualist or collectivist, but some of them are the mixture of the two. Western and Northern Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand are individualist. Conclusion Although there are few countries fully apply in collectivism, like North Korea, most of the countries are applying the mixture of collectivism and individualism. Those countries practicing collectivism mainly have a low GDP level, because it affects trade with the other countries. 14 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFICATION OF TIME AND PRICE. The important aspects when we negotiate with Chinese: Patience is the most important qualification for successful negotiations with the Chinese. Negotiations in China often take time because of different departments within one organization tend to be involved in negotiation processes and decision-making within the Chinese bureaucracy often takes time. By Confucianism, Chinese will not rush into any serious meetings with someone whom they do not know; trust and a certain feeling of closeness. Here is the example of Chinese negotate style we found. It prove that, to negotiate a favourite price with Chinese, obviously we need time. 1. Don’t expose too much of your interest in a product you want to buy even though you’re really drawn to it. It is better to act like that it does not matter to you and you don’t have to have it. Sometimes the sales person would tell you if he or she can judge from your facial expression that you really want that item. 2. In the first time you will never get the exact item for the price. Usually the sales person would try to seduce you by offering an unfavorable price. For example, for a necklace placed at $100, if you ask the sales person for discount, perhaps for the first time she would give you a discount like $90. Don’t take it. Just think that it is too high and walk away. Sometimes the sales person would shout at your back and offer much more favorable discounts. 15 3. The second negotiation is to reach a middle point. Try to get 45-60% discount of the original price. If it is impossible, try to get somewhere around 70-85%. Try to negotiate in a friendly way. If the agreement cannot be reached, walk away again. 4. The final negotiation will be the last attempt. Be firm and try to get 40% off. Some might finally give you 40% off, while some can’t due to different price strategies involved and store renting fees, staff cost, etc. To compare with our culture(as a foreigner), in our country, all the goods had set their fixed selling price, and most of the company usually have their own rule for market selling, therefore the vacuum for price negotiate will be less. 16 LANGUAGE BARRIER Our group members come from Nepal, Ghana, Tanzania, and Hong Kong. We speak different languages. English is our second language. We often face with language barrier within and outside the group. . Language barrier often is a big problem. If this was an outsourcing job or transcription work, language would probably have a major role, as both require clear understanding of the accents, practice of speaking in a fluent way. Cause of language barrier: 1. Emails written communication we should be able to clearly understand written instructions and reply with clear and also follow rules in a polite way. Sometimes we often wrote a business mail in a friendly tone, instead we should write in a formal way. 2. Phone Calls While working with an outsourcing partner, providing a phone number for emergencies may seem to be a good idea. However if this phone number happens to be attended by a non-English speaking person, it will serve nothing but a source of irritation. So we can think of giving the mobile number of a representative who can speak with clear and patience even if the resolution is not attained on the call in itself. 17 Useful method between different language. Pictogram and simple image are useful method as icon or sign for almost every place. It means they are efficient to give information to people without any words. They have high possibility to support the communication between two people without spoken language. Conclusion We need to use English to communicate with each other, when we were going to Nanhai to take the video, sometimes we need to use Chinese to communicate with the local Chinese people. When people from different countries speak in different languages, we often face difficulties an understanding each other. We cannot express our meaning in a proper way. During our research, when we took the train, there was problem in translating Chinese characters. So it is quite hard for us to find the way to the shoe factory. In addition, the English level of a local Chinese are mainly still in low level, some of them even cannot understand what we are asking. I think it is what we are called language barriers. 18 Chapter 4 TIPS TO NEGOTIATE WITH CHINESE The intensive research negotiation we conducted at Yuehai Shoes Materials factory widened up our knowledge about Chinese negotiation. We believe through this report you have acquired some usefully tips on how to strategically negotiate with Chinese. Upon what you have learned here are our recommendations for you to conquer any negotiation: ? Be prepared†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Make sure you are well prepared. ? Understand the cultural differences†¦. Get to know the other culture. ? Don’t be afraid of negotiation†¦ if you can talk you can negotiate. ? Show some emotions (share some burden)†¦remember, people value them. ? Be on time.. time is money. ? Be careful†¦ use appropriate language. ? Be in control†¦ don’t allow other things to distract your focus. ? Give some room for the other party (compromise whenever necessary). ? Show some vivid example†¦ a picture is worth a thousand words. 19 CONCLUSION â€Å"Deal is always better that no deal. †7 As hard as negotiation may seem to be, its outcomes are almost always worth the endurance. In different cultures where there are different goals, different point of views, different interests, different values and beliefs, different needs and different decision making styles; it takes a considerably huge amount of effort for sellers and buyers to reach the agreement zone. Both parties must be willing to give up part of their wish or lower their requirements which do not happen easily. With better understanding of both cultures of the parties involved, the negotiation will yield more significance solutions. One should keep in mind that negotiation is the cornerstone of any successfully business in the world. Despite the difficulties involved in the strategic negotiation, lets us follow the words of one of our great fathers who once said, â€Å"Let’s never negotiate out of fear, but lets us never fear to negotiate. †8 7 Professor Shia Yun Chiang class PowerPoint presentation 8a.

Risk Assessment Approaches To Constructing Road

Risk Assessment Approaches To Constructing Road As an employer you have a business objective as well as a moral and legal obligation to provide and maintain a safe and healthy workplace that is, as far as reasonably practicable, free from risk and hazards. In doing so employers conducts risk assessment, this is intended to determine the potential harm to workers and other persons in the workplace, and implement control measures to eliminate these risks or to reduce them to a tolerable level. The most important element in the risk management cycle is risk assessment usually comprises of a combination of risk identification and risk evaluation techniques which make it also the most complex element of the risk management cycle. Evolving out of this were two parts in conducting risk assessment they being quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative Assessment was the more complex of the two as it depending on the collection and analysis of a great deal of data use to calculate probability and potential loss. This dependence of accuracy of data also acts as an Achilles heel for the process because of the share difficulty associated with data collection. However qualitative risk assessment is regarded as the lesser of two evils and is the most commonly used approach to risk analysis. This is due to the fact that probability data is not required thus making the process more attractive to safety practitioners and industries that are new to safety. Because there is no need for great amounts of historical data, companies that are newly expose to safety use this method simply because there is no data to collect. This paper discusses the different techniques to risk assessment, then describing the reasonable approach which can include both qualitative and quantitative approaches within a civil construction company. Company Overview Tee Pavers Limited is a local independent civil construction company locating at the southern part of Trinidad which has been in operation for the past 25 years. They have a workforce of over 120 skilled workers and a fleet of excavating, landscaping and asphalt paving machinery numbering in the hundreds. The company entertains government contracts for road construction and rehabilitation, they currently have a fully operating asphalt plant where they supply asphalt to several private and public companies throughout the country. Despite the number of years in operation the company was only recently introduced to Health and Safety as part of the compliance requirement of the OSH Act 2004 (Amended 2006). Figure 1 outline the detail process of road construction. Is simple and straightforward. Just what is needed in a safety- new company such as Tee Pavers Limited Can be complex and require suitable explanations. This process would not be well received at Tee Pavers Limited a company that is now being exposed to safety practices. The Calculation of frequency of risk to worker is largely judgmental and does not require extensive data. This proves to be effective due to the fact that techniques such as JSA and PHA focus on job task in identifying hazards and workers can participate. Calculation of frequency of risk to workers requires extensive, appropriate data that may not be relatively available. Thus as in the case with Tee Pavers where prior projects was done by gut feelings see that safety was never a concern. It provides estimation of risk levels to workers to particular fault and hazards. This is a simple process that could be understood by all workers. Provides numerical assessment of the level of risk. It is best carried out by an experienced team of people throughout the assessment which may include operators, supervisor and long standing workers. A team approach is best needed for the hazard identification stage. Techniques like FEMA and FTA usually need to be done by just a specialist to ensure consistency of logic. Processes and results are deriving objectively, easily supported. Process results are subjective and may not be repeatable. It requires structure logic to identify controls, protection and mitigation measures to support decision made by analyst. This was evident that Tee Paver workers were resistant to change. Logic is implied with quantitative, but requires explanation to support safety case arguments. Does not readily lend itself to assessment of combinations of failures leading to a hazard on the road. Assessment of combinations of failure is implied in techniques like FTA and ETA. Risk analysis of all hazards and consequences not readily achievable since it is largely judgmental. Risk analysis of hazards and consequences easily achievable. Appropriate at early stages before the start of new project when identifying major hazards and risk. The use of the PHA is ideal for Tees Paver road construction process. Mainly appropriate at the later stages of the project when details of design and intended operation are known and data is available to support the assessment. Evaluation of Risk Analysis of the Road Construction Process Taking into consideration the five steps risk assessment process (Health and Safety Executives) will determine the type of risk assessment techniques needed qualitative or quantitative. Table 2 shows all the various risk assessment that can be consider in the road construction process. However due the nature of the organization and past safety culture I believe that qualitative assessment Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) would be a more effective with comparison to the quantitative approaches like FEMA and ETA which is too intense in terms of complexity, dependence on historical data and time consuming which does not sit well with this type of business that strives on spontaneous contracts. Simplicity best describes Tees Pavers road construction process; therefore the qualitative approach is ideal in identifying basic hazard and risk. During the early stages of operation and the details of the project is identified PHA can be used. This process encourages participation and so the Project manager, Engineer, Supervisors and the Health Safety Environmental personnel all work together to identify the major hazards, and rank them according to severity with the aim of implementing preventative measures. The potential hazards identified during the phase 2 processes (Asphalt Paving). When laying the asphalt base the main hazardous events would be unprotected physical contact with the hot asphalt. The probability of a person getting burn from the hot asphalt is medium to high and the severity of injuries will also be medium to high. Therefore putting preventative measures in place would be easier, for instance; having workers wear insulated PPE thus reducing the risk factor. This type of assessment is effective because it deals with the hazards and risks before the commencement of the projects and the fact that a wide array of employees are included means that effective preventive measures can be put in place. Some might argue that some of the hazard and risk may be overlooked since it is done before the project starts but in Tee Pavers case this process never changes, the worker are experience and thus the accident or incident rate is close minimum. Feasibility Safety is inevitable. The Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2004 (amended 2006) states that every employer must conduct a suitable and sufficient risk assessment. In complying with the OSH Act the safety official can achieve a two prong approach by introducing task based assessment (a form of qualitative assessment). This allows every worker irrespective of educational background to participate thus fostering awareness. Appendix 1 shows a simple effective JSA for asphalt laying road works which has deemed suitable and sufficient meeting all the requirements stated in TTS 620: 2008. Appropriateness When you look at the culture of the workforce that predominates Tee Pavers you get the sense of being expose to the 1980s ones again. Workers with the average age of 46, limited educational qualification (some even partial illiterates), most of them originate from areas within 10 square miles of each other and the general sense of simply coming to work to do an honest day job without concern for safety ills driven by the competitive nature of individually pleasing the boss. Taking that into consideration one can only select the qualitative approach considering conducting risk assessments. Initially introducing safety measures must be done in simple steps even thought safety is becoming mandatory the intension is to encourage the worker to buy into it not to view it as a hindrance or a threat. Conclusion Tee Pavers is undoubtedly a prime example of a company that would greatly benefit from qualitative assessment. Some of these benefits include complying with legislation fulfilling the requirements of every employer providing a workplace that is free from risk. I my view conducting qualitative risk assessments over a period of time prepares a company for the more detailed, accurate and more complex quantitative approach. The workers who were once naive with regards to safety and health would now be coached into maturity. This would prove to be a welcomed combination when companies would be venturing toward greater horizons. However the stark reality is its all about money. With legislation playing a bigger part in the world of safety company now know that in order to be viewed as an attractive commodity they must show some level of compliance to these safety laws thus a concerted interest in the employment and establishment of safety department within these companies. These departments are mandated to establish safety guideline and assessments for projects (existing and proposed). The companies know that they will be audited and that successful audit would indicate compliance thus making them more marketable for new contracts. As distasteful as it sounds it is a reality that we face every day with existing and emerging companies competing for government contracts.